Panic attacks are sudden and intense episodes of fear or discomfort that can be debilitating and overwhelming. They can happen unexpectedly, without any obvious trigger or warning, and can last for several minutes to hours.

Symptoms of a panic attack can include rapid heart rate, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, dizziness, and a feeling of impending doom or loss of control. Panic attacks can be so severe that they may feel like a heart attack or other medical emergency.

Diagnosing panic attacks typically involves a comprehensive evaluation by a mental health professional. It is important to rule out other conditions that may be causing similar symptoms, such as heart disease, thyroid problems, or respiratory disorders.

The causes of panic attacks are not fully understood, but are thought to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. People who have a family history of panic attacks, or who have experienced trauma or stress, may be at higher risk of developing panic attacks.

Treatment for panic attacks typically involves a combination of therapy and medication. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can help individuals learn to identify and manage their triggers, change negative thought patterns, and practice relaxation techniques. Medications, such as antidepressants or anti-anxiety medications, may also be used to help reduce the frequency and severity of panic attacks.