Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that often emerges during childhood and can continue into adulthood. With a global prevalence of approximately 5% among children and teenagers and 2.5% among adults , ADHD is considered one of the most widespread neurodevelopmental disorders. Characterized by difficulties in attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, this disorder can substantially affect multiple aspects of a person's life. In this article, we will discuss various facets of ADHD, including its symptoms, potential causes (addressing the question of genetic factors), diagnostic procedures, and available treatment options. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition that poses various difficulties, potentially impacting academic performance, professional life, interpersonal relationships, and emotional well-being. Common characteristics include issues with concentration, organizational challenges, impulsiveness, executive functioning deficits , and excessive activity. The manifestations of ADHD largely depend on the specific subtype exhibited by the individual. These presentations include: Primarily Inattentive – This subtype involves issues with staying focused on tasks, maintaining organization, and concentrating during discussions. Primarily Hyperactive-Impulsive – This subtype is marked by restlessness, impulsive behavior, and frequently interrupting others in conversations. Combined Type – This subtype displays a combination of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. The coexistence of other conditions alongside ADHD is frequently observed. Studies indicate that about two-thirds of children diagnosed with ADHD also experience an additional developmental or mental health disorder . Frequent co-occurring conditions with ADHD encompass: - Depressive disorders - Anxiety disorders - Substance use disorder - Learning disabilities - Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) - Tourette's syndrome During the transition from childhood to adulthood, individuals with ADHD may observe a decrease in specific symptoms, particularly those associated with hyperactivity. Nevertheless, it is believed that numerous ADHD symptoms persist into adult life. While there is no definitive cure for ADHD, it can be effectively controlled (which will be discussed later in this article). What Are the Causes of ADHD? Although there is no single explanation for the development of ADHD in some individuals, various potential factors have been recognized. For example, research indicates that maternal health may play a role in ADHD—premature birth, substance abuse, and elevated stress during pregnancy might heighten the risk of a child developing ADHD. Additionally, according to CDC data , boys have over twice the likelihood of receiving an ADHD diagnosis compared to girls. Several key factors are believed to contribute to the development of ADHD: Genetics – Although the specific genes associated with ADHD remain unidentified, the disorder is thought to be inherited from blood relatives who have ADHD or other mental health conditions. Research indicates that ADHD's heritability is around 74%. Environmental factors – Long-term exposure to harmful or toxic environments (e.g., residing in a building with lead-based paint) can increase the likelihood of developing ADHD. Additionally, traumatic brain injuries have been linked to the onset of the disorder. Neurological differences – Various changes in brain structure, function, and composition have been observed in individuals with ADHD. Studies propose that alterations in brain chemicals are a significant cause of the disorder. Individuals diagnosed with ADHD have been found to have lower levels of dopamine and noradrenaline , neurotransmitters essential for numerous mental processes. Moreover, people with ADHD have been identified to possess less gray and white matter in specific brain regions. Identifying ADHD Symptoms Especially in children, distinguishing between ADHD symptoms and neurotypical behavior can be challenging. This is one reason why obtaining a diagnosis from a healthcare professional is crucial for accurately determining ADHD's presence. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) specifies the criteria necessary for an ADHD diagnosis. According to the DSM-V, an individual's symptoms should hinder their ability to function effectively in academic, professional, or interpersonal settings. Additionally, the onset of symptoms must have occurred before the age of 12. The DSM-V highlights three distinct ADHD subtypes and their associated symptoms. Predominantly Inattentive: For individuals aged 16 or younger, at least six of the following symptoms must be present, while those aged 17 or older must exhibit at least five symptoms. - Struggling with attention to detail, leading to frequent errors - Having difficulty staying focused on tasks - Becoming easily distracted during discussions - Struggling to follow instructions and complete tasks - Experiencing difficulty organizing time and physical surroundings - Hesitating or disliking activities that require prolonged concentration - Frequently losing or misplacing items (e.g., toys, pencils, homework) - Being easily sidetracked by external stimuli or internal thoughts Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive: For individuals aged 16 or younger, at least six of the following symptoms must be present, while those aged 17 or older must exhibit at least five symptoms. - Persistent fidgeting or squirming - Difficulty staying seated in situations where it is expected - Engaging in restless actions like running or climbing in inappropriate settings - Struggling to participate in quiet leisure activities or games - Exhibiting constant restlessness and heightened energy levels - Talking excessively or non-stop - Difficulties waiting for their turn in various situations - Demonstrating intrusive behavior, such as interrupting questions before they are fully asked Combined Type ADHD: This subtype is applied to individuals who exhibit a combination of features and symptoms from both the inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive categories. ADHD in Children: The majority of ADHD symptoms emerge during a child's early years at school. Hyperactive and impulsive signs, such as fidgeting and difficulty staying still, are typically among the first noticeable indicators of the disorder. As the child progresses through school, inattentive behavior may become more evident. Caregivers are advised to not only monitor hyperactive, inattentive, and impulsive tendencies, but also pay attention to the child's interactions with others in their surroundings. While observing your child interacting with their peers, consider the following: - Do they hesitate to share toys, snacks, or games with others? - Do they seem incapable or unwilling to wait for their turn? - Do they constantly interrupt conversations? - Do they have difficulty listening to directions and completing tasks? - Do they display impulsive behavior? Evaluating these aspects can be useful in identifying whether a child exhibits symptoms of ADHD. ADHD in Teens: ADHD symptoms in teenagers resemble those seen in children. However, the added pressures and changes commonly experienced during adolescence can pose distinct challenges for those with the disorder. Emotional dysregulation may be intensified by new responsibilities and fluctuating hormones. Considering the escalating academic demands during teenage years, issues related to homework, projects, and other school activities might become more apparent in adolescents with ADHD. Additionally, coexisting conditions such as anxiety, depression, or other mental health disorders may indicate the presence of ADHD in a teenager. ADHD symptoms can continue into adulthood, usually with comparable characteristics but varying effects compared to those encountered in childhood or adolescence. In adults, ADHD symptoms may appear as follows: - Regularly misplacing personal items - Struggles in maintaining relationships - Challenges in organizing tasks or areas - Struggling to concentrate for extended periods - Initiating several projects without completing them It's essential to recognize that ADHD can be diagnosed in adulthood as well in some instances. If you're an adult experiencing the symptoms mentioned, it's advised to consult a healthcare professional who can determine if additional screening is needed. Diagnosing ADHD can be challenging since many young people display some symptoms of the disorder. In adults, ADHD symptoms may resemble other mental health conditions, making it difficult to identify as well. A mental health or medical professional must provide an ADHD diagnosis before treatment can begin. To diagnose ADHD, a provider will conduct a medical examination to rule out other causes or conditions, gather information about the individual's lifestyle, medical history, and family through interviews or questionnaires, and ultimately determine if the individual meets the ADHD criteria laid out in the DSM-V. The treatment of ADHD usually involves a mix of medication and behavioral therapy. Early intervention is recommended to help individuals manage the condition effectively. Cognitive behavioral therapy and other forms of psychotherapy can assist those with ADHD in building coping strategies, dealing with emotional issues, and addressing any co-occurring conditions. Stimulant and non-stimulant medications are frequently used to boost dopamine and noradrenaline levels, assisting individuals in managing their symptoms and sticking to their treatment regimen. Research indicates that medications may be successful in treating ADHD symptoms in up to 80% of cases . It is essential to consult a healthcare expert before starting or discontinuing any medication. Increasing evidence indicates that online therapy can be an effective way to manage ADHD. A recent meta-analysis of six studies showed that participants experienced improved concentration and social functioning through online therapy. Additionally, the study highlighted the greater accessibility and convenience of therapy provided via online platforms. Therapy assists individuals in gaining a deeper understanding of ADHD, identifying symptoms, and creating efficient management strategies. However, attending regular in-person therapy sessions can be challenging for those living with ADHD. Online therapy platforms, such as ReachLink , offer increased flexibility, accessibility, and affordability, enabling therapy sessions to be attended from anywhere with an internet connection. With thousands of therapists specializing in various fields, BetterHelp ensures a higher likelihood of connecting with a professional who can address specific ADHD-related concerns or other mental health issues. ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by symptoms such as hyperactivity, inattention, impulsivity, and other challenges that can hinder daily functioning. However, ADHD can be treated effectively. If you are dealing with ADHD or other mental health issues, think about reaching out to an online professional. With the appropriate assistance, you can manage ADHD and promote mental well-being.