Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a collection of physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that occur in the days leading up to a woman's menstrual period. These symptoms typically subside once menstruation begins or shortly thereafter.

The signs and symptoms of PMS vary among individuals but can include mood swings, irritability, depression, anxiety, fatigue, bloating, breast tenderness, headaches, and changes in appetite or sleep patterns. The severity and combination of symptoms can differ from one cycle to another and from one woman to another.

Diagnosing PMS typically involves tracking and documenting symptoms over the course of several menstrual cycles. A healthcare professional will consider a woman's reported symptoms, personal and family medical history, and may rule out other potential causes for the symptoms. There are no specific laboratory tests to diagnose PMS, but a thorough evaluation can help to determine if the symptoms are related to the menstrual cycle.

The exact cause of PMS remains unknown, but it is believed to be related to hormonal changes that occur during the menstrual cycle, specifically fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone levels. Other factors, such as genetics, lifestyle, and overall physical and emotional health, may also contribute to the development and severity of PMS symptoms.

Treatment for PMS typically focuses on managing symptoms and may include lifestyle changes, over-the-counter medications, and prescription medications. Lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise, a balanced diet, and stress management, can help alleviate PMS symptoms. Over-the-counter pain relievers, like ibuprofen or naproxen, can help manage physical symptoms such as headaches and cramps. In some cases, prescription medications, such as antidepressants or hormonal contraceptives, may be recommended to help manage more severe symptoms. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for personalized recommendations and treatment plans.