Sleep disorders are a group of conditions that affect a person's ability to fall asleep, stay asleep, or experience restful sleep. Some of the related disorders in the DSM-5 include:

• Insomnia Disorder: A type of sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early.
• Narcolepsy: A neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, sudden and uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep, and cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone).
• Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by interruptions in breathing during sleep, such as sleep apnea.
• Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by disruptions in the body's internal clock, resulting in sleep problems such as insomnia or excessive daytime sleepiness.

The signs and symptoms of sleep disorders can vary depending on the specific condition, but may include:

• Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
• Waking up too early
• Excessive daytime sleepiness
• Difficulty concentrating or remembering things
• Irritability or mood swings
• Loud snoring or gasping for air during sleep
• Restless legs or periodic limb movements during sleep
• Falling asleep at inappropriate times (in the case of narcolepsy)

To diagnose a sleep disorder, a medical professional will typically conduct a thorough evaluation, which may include a physical exam, sleep study, and psychological assessment. The professional will ask about the person's symptoms, medical history, and any history of sleep problems. A diagnosis requires that the symptoms meet the criteria outlined in the DSM-5.

The causes of sleep disorders can vary depending on the specific condition, but may include genetics, environmental factors, medical conditions such as chronic pain or respiratory problems, and lifestyle factors such as shift work or substance use.

Treatment for sleep disorders typically involves a combination of therapy and lifestyle changes. Psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help individuals learn coping skills and address negative thought patterns related to sleep. Medication may be prescribed to help manage symptoms of insomnia or excessive daytime sleepiness. Lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a regular sleep schedule, avoiding caffeine and alcohol, and engaging in regular exercise, can also be helpful in managing symptoms.