Bipolar Disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition characterized by extreme shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels. These shifts can range from episodes of intense mania or hypomania to episodes of depression. Bipolar Disorder is classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as a mood disorder.

The signs and symptoms of Bipolar Disorder can vary widely depending on the individual and the phase of the illness. Symptoms of mania can include elevated mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, impulsive behavior, and grandiosity. Symptoms of hypomania are similar to mania, but less severe. Symptoms of depression can include feelings of sadness, hopelessness, worthlessness, and guilt, as well as changes in sleep, appetite, and energy levels.

Diagnosing Bipolar Disorder typically involves a comprehensive evaluation by a mental health professional. The clinician will assess the individual's history, symptoms, and family history, as well as rule out any medical or substance-related causes of the symptoms. They may also use standardized rating scales to measure the severity of symptoms and impairment.

The causes of Bipolar Disorder are not entirely understood, but research suggests that genetic and environmental factors may play a role. Individuals with a family history of Bipolar Disorder are at increased risk of developing the illness. Stressful life events, such as trauma or loss, may also trigger episodes of mania or depression in some individuals.

Treatment for Bipolar Disorder typically involves a combination of medication and therapy. Mood stabilizers, such as lithium, anticonvulsants, and atypical antipsychotics, are commonly used to help manage symptoms of mania and hypomania. Antidepressants may also be used in conjunction with mood stabilizers to treat symptoms of depression. Psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or interpersonal therapy, can be helpful in managing symptoms, improving coping skills, and addressing issues related to relationships and self-esteem.

Lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a regular sleep schedule, reducing stress, and avoiding alcohol and drugs, can also be helpful in managing symptoms of Bipolar Disorder. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to stabilize symptoms during a severe manic or depressive episode.